It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. The objectives of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of agricultural applications. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics like taste or concentrations of particular biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibres) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.) are the traits that are discussed the most frequently. Plant breeding can be done in a variety of ways, from picking plants with good characteristics for propagation to more sophisticated molecular methods (see cultigen and cultivar) and methods that use genetics and chromosome knowledge.

A plant's qualitative or quantitative characteristics are determined by its genes. The deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of individuals who are closely or distantly related to one another in order to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties is another method used by plant breeders to produce a specific outcome of plants and possibly new plant varieties. In the process of doing so, they narrow down the genetic diversity of that variety to a specific few biotypes. In order to introduce traits and genes from one variety or line into a new genetic background, plants are crossbred. For instance, a pea that is resistant to mildew can be crossed with a susceptible but high-yielding pea with the intention of introducing mildew resistance without sacrificing the high yield characteristics. The high-yielding parent would then be crossed with the cross's offspring to ensure that the offspring were closest to the high-yielding parent (backcrossing). After that, the offspring of that cross would be evaluated for yield (selection, as previously mentioned), mildew resistance, and the development of high-yielding resistant plants would continue.

Plants can also be bred by crossing them with themselves to produce inbred varieties. Utilizing pollination bags allows for the exclusion of pollinators. Plants can be genetically modified by either adding a particular gene or genes to the plant or by knocking down a gene using RNA interference to produce a desirable phenotype. Transgenic plants are often used to describe the plants that are the result of adding a gene. Cisgenic plants are those in which the native promoter of a species or crossable plant's genes are used for genetic modification. Because the majority of the plant's genome is not altered, genetic modification can sometimes produce a plant with the desired trait or traits more quickly than traditional breeding. Plant reproducing can add to worldwide food security as it is a practical instrument for expanding healthy benefit of search and yields. Since 1960, analytical chemistry and rumen fermentation technology have been used to increase the nutritional value of forage crops; breeders were able to quickly identify a high-performing hybrid thanks to this science and technology, which enabled them to screen thousands of samples in a short amount of time.

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Max Wilson
Journal Coordinator